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A Geochemical–Environmental Framework of Iodine Deficiency in High Rainfall Regions: A Systematic Descriptive Review Based on Medical Geology, focusing on northern Iran | ||
| Water and Environmental Challenges | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 13 اردیبهشت 1405 | ||
| نوع مقاله: Review Paper | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30466/jwec.2026.56856.1011 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Gholamreza Reza Fathabadi* 1؛ Fateme kakouei2؛ Hossein pirkharrati3 | ||
| 1Head of the Medical Geology Department, Applied Research Center, Geological and Mineral Exploration Organization of Iran | ||
| 2Expert in the Department of Medical Geology, Applied Research Center, Geological Survey of Iran | ||
| 3Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) remain a significant public health challenge globally, with particular severity in regions characterized by specific geochemical and climatic conditions. While national salt iodization programs in Iran have successfully reduced IDD prevalence among school-aged children, emerging evidence indicates persistent iodine insufficiency among pregnant women and the potential vulnerability of high-rainfall regions. This study presents a systematic narrative review integrating medical geology, environmental geochemistry, and public health perspectives to elucidate the mechanisms controlling iodine distribution in high-rainfall environments, with specific application to northern Iran. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we conducted a systematic search of Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2000 and 2023 addressing iodine geochemistry, environmental factors in IDD, and medical geology approaches. The review identifies intense leaching, acidic soil conditions, high organic matter mobility, and rapid weathering as primary geochemical processes governing iodine depletion in soils and water systems of humid regions. Despite proximity to the Caspian Sea, northern Iran's high rainfall (>1800 mm annually), acidic soils, and intensive leaching create conditions analogous to known IDD-endemic areas in South and Southeast Asia. We propose an integrated conceptual framework linking geological, hydrological, and agricultural factors to human iodine nutrition. Findings indicate that reliance solely on salt iodization may be insufficient in geochemically vulnerable regions, necessitating complementary approaches including geochemical hazard mapping, soil-water-food chain monitoring, and agronomic biofortification strategies. This study provides the first systematic integration of medical geology principles with Iran's national IDD surveillance data, offering a methodological foundation for region-specific environmental health interventions. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Iodine deficiency disorders؛ Medical geology؛ Iodine geochemistry؛ High-rainfall regions؛ Northern Iran | ||
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آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 2 |
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