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Nanfa Ngongang, Veda Fandio, Abia, Wilfred, Asongalem, Emmanuel, Fonge, Beatrice. (1404). Lead contamination in Cameroon: A scoping review of food-related occurrences, exposures, and risks. پژوهش های میوه کاری, 1(3), 135-146. doi: 10.30466/fsp.2025.56535.1016
Veda Fandio Nanfa Ngongang; Wilfred A. Abia; Emmanuel Acha Asongalem; Beatrice Ambo Fonge. "Lead contamination in Cameroon: A scoping review of food-related occurrences, exposures, and risks". پژوهش های میوه کاری, 1, 3, 1404, 135-146. doi: 10.30466/fsp.2025.56535.1016
Nanfa Ngongang, Veda Fandio, Abia, Wilfred, Asongalem, Emmanuel, Fonge, Beatrice. (1404). 'Lead contamination in Cameroon: A scoping review of food-related occurrences, exposures, and risks', پژوهش های میوه کاری, 1(3), pp. 135-146. doi: 10.30466/fsp.2025.56535.1016
Nanfa Ngongang, Veda Fandio, Abia, Wilfred, Asongalem, Emmanuel, Fonge, Beatrice. Lead contamination in Cameroon: A scoping review of food-related occurrences, exposures, and risks. پژوهش های میوه کاری, 1404; 1(3): 135-146. doi: 10.30466/fsp.2025.56535.1016

Lead contamination in Cameroon: A scoping review of food-related occurrences, exposures, and risks

Food Safety and Packaging
مقاله 1، دوره 1، شماره 3، بهمن 2025، صفحه 135-146    اصل مقاله (522.66 K)
نوع مقاله: Review Article
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30466/fsp.2025.56535.1016
نویسندگان
Veda Fandio Nanfa Ngongang1؛ Wilfred A. Abia* 2؛ Emmanuel Acha Asongalem1؛ Beatrice Ambo Fonge3
1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
3Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
چکیده
Lead poisoning remains a significant public health concern in low- and middle-income countries, particularly among children, for whom no level of exposure is considered safe. This scoping review examines potential sources, occurrences, exposure pathways, and associated health risks of lead contamination in Cameroon. A systematic search of Web of Science, Google Scholar, MedLine, and PubMed, using “lead,” “lead occurrence,” “lead exposure,” and “Cameroon” as primary keywords, identified 16 relevant studies. Key sources of environmental lead included mining activities, informal recycling of lead-acid batteries, contaminated water sources, aluminum cookware, certain foodstuffs, and the ingestion of "Calaba" chalk. Reported mean lead concentrations ranged from 280 to 12270 mg/kg in soil and up to 8.87 mg/L in water. Food items such as condiments, vegetables, and fish showed levels between 0.019 and 3.61 mg/kg, while poultry feed contained up to 3229 µg/kg. Blood lead levels in children and pregnant women ranged from 8 to 31.19 μg/dL, which exceeded recommended safety thresholds. Overall, 95% of reported lead levels across all sample types exceeded permissible limits. These findings highlight widespread environmental lead contamination in Cameroon and underscore the urgent need for further research and public health interventions.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Blood lead levels؛ Cameroon؛ Dietary exposure؛ Heavy metals؛ Lead poisoning
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